There are still important roles for prophylaxis and therapeutics for other target populations. Neurovascular function provides a homeostatic environment for proper brain development. Imm uses methods to control mosquitoes based on an. Pdf zika virus zikv is an emerging rna virus in the widespread flavivirus genus. Oxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. Zika virus outbreaks are currently occurring in many countries. Sequential differences between zika virus strains occur at critical positions on precursor membrane, envelope, ns2a, ns3, ns4b, and ns5 as potential loci for differential pathogenesis. Zikv infections can cause serious neurological complications in adults, and infection in pregnant women can cause congenital malformations, including fetal and newborn microcephaly. Like other flaviviruses, zika virus is composed of 2 noncoding regions 5. History, emergence, biology, and prospects for control. Zika virus zikv, a flaviviridae family member transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, has emerged as a major health concern. Zika virus structural biology and progress in vaccine. Like other flaviviruses, the zika virus genome encodes three structural proteins capsid, precursor membrane, and. In most cases, zika virus infection causes a mild, selflimited illness.
Select any virus below to explore its 3d structure and biology. Zika virus infection is spread to people primarily through the bite of an infected mosquito. In 2015, local transmission of zikv was first detected in brazil. Currently, there are no therapeutic or vaccine options available to protect those infected by zikv. We postulated that zikv could be used as an adjuvant to enhance the longterm survival of mice with. Recent studies have highlighted the potential for combining virotherapy and immunotherapy to target cancer. Compiles the most current information on the zika virus and its associated. Zika virus zikv infection during pregnancy increases the risk of postnatal microcephaly. Zika virus molecular biology and perspectives for vaccine. Impact of temperature on the extrinsic incubation period. To date, testing for zika cannot be done on a local.
Zika virus zikv exhibits a tropism for brain tumor cells and has been used as an oncolytic virus to target brain tumors in mice with modest effects on extending median survival. Zikv is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. Zika virus evolution and spread in the americas nature. The precursor membrane, envelope, and ns1 proteins are unique to zika virus highlighting possible challenges in vaccine design. Zikv biological assembly provides the experimentally. Cases of zika virus transmission via blood transfusion have also been reported. In 2007 zikv caused an outbreak of 49 confirmed, and 59 probable cases, of a relatively mild disease characterized by rash, arthralgia. It was first isolated from a monkey in the zika forest of uganda in 1947, and the first human case was reported in 1954 5 5 5 start superscript, 5, end superscript. Zika virus and diseases wiley online books wiley online library. Biology of zika virus infection in human skin cells journal of. Zikv was first isolated from monkeys in the zika forest in uganda in 1947. The world health organization reports the zika virus is spreading explosively in the americas. This virus emerged from its sylvatic cycle in africa to cause an outbreak in yap, federated states of micronesia in 2007, french. Recently, zikv has rapidly spread around the world and.
The zika virus surface is similar to that of dengue and related viruses at the nearatomic level, researchers found, but with a notable difference. The detection of zika virus demonstrates association. Zika virus pdf download ias mains important topics hello friends welcome to. The virus has since spread beyond africa, causing human outbreaks in the south pacific in 2007 and 20 2,3. Zika virus zikv, a previously obscure flavivirus closely related to. Here we are providing you zika virus topic for upsc mains. The zika virus genome contains 10,794 nt encoding 3,419 aa. Although the recent zika virus zikv epidemic in the americas and its link to birth defects have attracted a great deal of attention 1,2, much remains unknown about zikv disease epidemiology and. It is a mosquito borne flavivirus similar to dengue, yellow fever, and west nile viruses.
The following purdue university experts can discuss the virus, how it spreads and interacts with humans and mosquitos, mosquito control, and ways to protect from mosquito bites, as well as what this means for womens health, fears related to public. Who global consultation of research related to zika virus. Biology is brought to you with support from the our mission is to provide a free, worldclass education to anyone, anywhere. Orally administrable therapeutic synthetic nanoparticle. Imm uses a combination of methods to prevent and control mosquitoes that spread viruses, like zika, dengue, and chikungunya. Its outer surface is tiled with a tightlypacked coat of envelope proteins. Zika virus zikv is a primarily mosquitoborne flavivirus that was first isolated in 1947 from a sentinel rhesus macaque in the zika forest of uganda. The spread of these two species around the world in the past 50 years is well documented and facilitated by a unique life trait. Since it was first detected in a human in nigeria in 1952, zikv has generally caused cases of human infections in africa, asia, and oceania only rarely. Zika virus zikv is a mosquitoborne flavivirus discovered in rhesus monkeys in the zika close to kampala, uganda in 1947, but it was not until february 2016 that the world health organization. The structure reveals that zika virus is similar to other flaviviruses, such as dengue virus and west nile virus.
Who compiled an updated summary of the global epidemiology of zika virus transmission. Zika virus is one of the emerging viruses and is of significant threat to human health globally. Clearly demonstrates the origin and discovery of the virus zika virus and diseases. A few additional cases were reported in africa in the following years, and, starting at the end of the 1960s, in equatorial asia as well. The ultimate impact of zikv infection remains to be understood. Biology of zika virus infection in human skin cells. Select a category above to classify viruses according to shared characteristics. Zika virus zikv is a flavivirus related to yellow fever virus that until recently has been considered endemic to africa and southeast asia, but human cases are rare. In response to this emerging concern, the structural virology field was quick to explore. Zika virus structure, maturation, and receptors oxford academic. Zika virus structure revealed national institutes of. Zika virus zikv is an emerging rna virus in the widespread flavivirus genus.
Zika virus pdf download ias mains important topics. Department of pathology triaging zika virus in pathology. Zika virus based immunotherapy enhances longterm survival. Zika virus genome biology and molecular pathogenesis ncbi. Triaging zika virus in pathology by elizabeth walker 24 march the aedes mosquito. The structure is mainly similar to that of other flaviviruses such as dengue virus. Zika fever also known as zika virus disease is an illness caused by zika virus. Zika virus zikv is an arthropodborne virus arbovirus in the genus flavivirus and the family flaviviridae. The continued accumulation of epidemiologic data has advanced our understanding of zika. Zika virus zikv, a previously obscure flavivirus closely related to dengue, west nile, japanese encephalitis and yellow fever viruses, has emerged explosively since 2007 to cause a series of epidemics in micronesia, the south pacific, and most recently the americas. The cryoem structure also revealed that an asparagine amino acid on the surface of this protein is glycosylated. A few additional cases were reported in africa in the following years, and, starting at. Once obscure, zika virus zikv has attracted significant medical and scientific attention in the past year because of large outbreaks associated. After the first isolation of zika virus zikv in 1947 from a rhesus monkey 1, zikv.
Gabriel and colleagues show that two recently isolated zika strains efficiently infect neural progenitors in human brain organoids and cause premature differentiation in a way that closely resembles zikaassociated microcephaly and differs from the effects seen with an older and extensively passaged strain. A rapid response by academia, government, public health infrastructure, and industry has enabled the expedited development and testing of a suite of vaccine platforms aiming to control and eliminate zikvinduced disease. Though separated by time and place, there are surprising similarities in the the social issues raised by the rubella outbreak of 196465 and the recent zika outbreak in south america. Development of vaccines against zika virus the lancet. Recently, zikv has rapidly spread around the world and has. Zika virus zikv is a littleknown emerging mosquitoborne flavivirus, of the flaviviridae family, that is closely. Zika virus and mosquito experts purdue department of. Pdf zika virus genome biology and molecular pathogenesis. Here we examine the importance of human skin in the entry of zikv and its contribution to the induction of antiviral immune. Zika virus zikv emerged at a global level when it spread to the americas and began causing congenital malformations and microcephaly in 2015. Zika is spread mostly by the bite of an infected mosquito.
The agent and its biology, with relevance to pathology. Pdf zika is a mosquitoborne viral disease caused by zika virus zikv. The lipid envelope is covered with dense projections that consist of a membrane and envelope glycoproteins. The most common symptoms of zika are fever, rash, headache, joint pain, red eyes, and muscle pain. Symptoms may include fever, red eyes, joint pain, headache, and a maculopapular rash. Clearly demonstrates the origin and discovery of the virus. The structure provides clues to understanding how zika virus enters human cells and suggests ways to design drugs or vaccines to combat the virus. Accurate diagnostic tests for zika virus infection are needed to distinguish it from other flavivirus infections and to identify women who have been infected with zika virus during pregnancy and may be at risk for developing fetal complications.
O ver the past several months, the zika virus has prompted the pan american health organization to issue an alert and the world health organization to declare a public health emergency. From molecular biology to epidemiology will appeal to graduate students, medical students, basic researchers, clinicians in infectious disease, microbiology, and virology, as well as people in related disciplines interested in learning more about this topic. Zika virusbased immunotherapy enhances longterm survival. It furthers the universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. The spread of zika virus zikv infection across the usa and various countries in the last three years will not only have a direct impact on the u. Learn about the basic biology, origins, life cycle, and symptoms of zika virus.
Zikv was first isolated from a nonhuman primate in 1947 and from mosquitoes in 1948 in africa, and zikv infections in humans were sporadic for half a century before emerging in the pacific and the americas. The emergence of zika virus zikv as a major public health threat has focused research on understanding virus biology and devel oping a suite of strategies. Local governments and mosquito control programs often use an integrated mosquito management imm or integrated vector management ivm approach to control mosquitoes. Blood, organ and tissue donor screening tests are also needed to assure the safety of transfusion and transplantation in areas of active mosquito. The zika virus zikv is a mosquitoborne, positivesense, singlestranded rna virus that belongs to the genus flavivirus. Weaver, in medical microbiology eighteenth edition, 2012. Zika virus zikv is mosquitoborne emerging flavivirus which was first identified in zika forest of uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys. Zika virus zikv is an emerging arbovirus of the flaviviridae family, which includes dengue, west nile, yellow fever, and japanese encephalitis viruses, that causes a mosquitoborne disease transmitted by the aedes genus, with recent outbreaks in the south pacific. The major facilitator superfamily domaincontaining protein 2 mfsd2a is selectively expressed in human brain microvascular endothelial cells hbmecs and is the major transporter mediating the brain uptake of. Zika virus structure, genome, symptoms, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis. Zika virus is an emerging pathogen of substantial public health concern to human beings. Most cases have no symptoms, but when present they are usually mild and can resemble dengue fever.
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